Нейтрофильные гранулоциты: участие в гомеостатических и репаративных процессах. Часть I

После выхода из костного мозга (КМ) в кровообращение зрелые нейтрофильные гранулоциты в отсутствие воспаления претерпевают ряд фенотипических и физиологических изменений, в комплексе названных «старением», конститутивно получая праймирующие сигналы от комменсальной микробиоты и приобретая большую функциональную готовность в случае активации при травматизации тканей или инвазии патогенов. Физиологическое старение нейтрофилов в крови и последующее их возвращение в КМ генерирует сигналы, модулирующие размер и функции гемопоэтической ниши. Циркадная физиологическая инфильтрация КМ нейтрофилами содействует поддержанию базового уровня внекостномозговых гемопоэтических клеток-предшественников, обладающих функциями регенерации и иммунного наблюдения. Помимо КМ, нейтрофилы активно проникают и в другие здоровые ткани, вероятно, оказывая действие на их базальную физиологию. На примере легочной ткани показано, что нейтрофилы могут «управлять» работой ряда генов, регулирующих клеточный рост, миграцию, пролиферацию, дифференцировку клеток и канцерогенез. Нейтрофильные гранулоциты принимают участие в деструкции эндометриальных тканей во время фазы десква-мации, в последующей их репарации и физиологическом ангиогенезе в пролиферативной фазе менструального цикла; участвуют в процессе разрыва стенки преовуляторного фолликула яичников и выхода ооцита; способствуют деградации и рассасыванию желтого тела при ненаступлении беременности; играют важную физиологическую роль в ремоделировании сосудов беременной матки и формировании материнской иммунной толерантности по отношению к полуаллогенному плоду. При инфекции и/или повреждении слизистой оболочки кишечника активно мигрирующие на поверхность кишечного эпителия нейтрофилы стимулируют реституцию эпителия и восстановление его барьерной функции. Рекрутированные в ротовую полость нейтрофилы регулируют количественный и качественный состав микробных сообществ оральных биопленок, отвечают за обеспечение здоровья пародонтальных структур. Являясь основным участником и регулятором заживления кожных ран на ранней стадии, стадии воспаления, нейтрофилы не только уничтожают возможных патогенов, но также участвуют в очищении раны от клеточного дебриса, генерируют цитокины, ферменты, ростовые факторы, влияющие на дальнейшие этапы процесса репарации. И апоптоз, и нетоз, являясь механизмами гибели нейтрофилов, вносят огромный вклад в процесс заживления ран. Однако дисрегуляция и нарушение баланса как апоптоза, так и нетоза могут приводить к негативным последствиям с формированием хронических, длительно незаживающих ран.

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