Salient features of circulating respiratory viruses in the pre- and pandemic influenza and COVID-19 seasons

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Abstract

A wide variety of zoonotic viruses that can cross the interspecies barrier promote the emergence of new, potentially pandemic viruses in the human population that is often accompanied by the disappearance of existing circulating strains. Among the various reasons underlying this phenomenon is the strengthening of herd immunity by expanding the immune layer of population and improving means and methods of medical care. However, natura abhorret vacuum, and new pathogens come to replace disappearing ones. Over the past ten years, humanity has faced two pandemics: swine flu A(H1N1)pdm09 in 2009 and COVID-19 in 2019, providing scientists with a unique opportunity to learn more about a relationship between respiratory viruses and their pathogenesis. Together with viruses of pandemic significance, a large number of seasonal respiratory viruses circulate, which contribute to the structure of human morbidity, and coinfections aggravate the condition of the illness. In the conditions of the spread of new viruses with unexplored characteristics, in the absence of means of prevention and therapy, it is especially important to prevent the aggravation of morbidity due to mixed infections. Here we review the mutual involvement of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and seasonal respiratory viruses in the epidemic process, discuss some issues related to their spread, potential causes affecting the spread and severity of the morbidity. The given facts testify to the existence of seasonality and temporal patterns of the beginning and end of respiratory viruses circulation. Interestingly, the beginning of circulation of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus led to a shift in the timing and intensity of circulation of some respiratory viruses, which is probably caused by existence of “replication conflicts” between them, and did not affect others. Coinfection with SARS-CoV-2-19 and other respiratory viruses, especially respiratory syncytial virus and rhinoviruses, was quite often observed. At the current stage, no aggravating effect of influenza on the course of COVID-19 in mixed infection has been established. Whether this is due to the mild course of influenza infection in the 2020 epidemic season, or the competitive impact of SARS-CoV-2 on influenza viruses is not yet clear. Experts are still at the stage of accumulating facts and working on creating means of effective prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus infection.

About the authors

I. V. Kiseleva

Institute of Experimental Medicine; St. Petersburg State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: irina.v.kiseleva@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3892-9873

Irina V. Kiseleva - PhD, MD (Biology), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of General Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine; Professor, Department of Fundamental Problems of Medicine and Medical technologies, St. Petersburg State University.

197376, St. Petersburg, Academician Pavlov str., 12.

Phone: +7 (812) 234-68-60. Fax: +7 (812) 234-68-68.

Russian Federation

N. V. Larionova

Institute of Experimental Medicine

Email: nvlarionova@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1171-3383

PhD, MD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of General Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine.

St. Petersburg.

Russian Federation

E. P. Grigorieva

Institute of Experimental Medicine

Email: epgrigorieva@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8439-6502

PhD (Мedicine), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of General Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine.

St. Petersburg.

Russian Federation

A. D. Ksenafontov

Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza

Email: ksenandrey@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4532-6210

PhD Student, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza.

St. Petersburg.

Russian Federation

M. Al Farroukh

Institute of Experimental Medicine

Email: mouhammad1farroukh@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0017-4126

PhD Student, Institute of Experimental Medicine.

St. Petersburg.

Russian Federation

L. G. Rudenko

Institute of Experimental Medicine

Email: vaccine@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0107-9959

PhD, MD (Мedicine), Professor, Head of the A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine.

St. Petersburg.

Russian Federation

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Copyright (c) 2021 Kiseleva I.V., Larionova N.V., Grigorieva E.P., Ksenafontov A.D., Al Farroukh M., Rudenko L.G.

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